Glaucoma or Kala Motia: Types, Symptoms, Risk Factors, Causes & Treatment Options

What is Glaucoma?

Glaucoma, also known as ‘Kala Motia’ or ‘Kala Motiyabind’ in some regions, is a serious eye condition that progressively damages the optic nerve, usually due to increased intraocular pressure (IOP). It can lead to irreversible vision loss if left untreated. Often asymptomatic in the early stages, Glaucoma may go unnoticed until significant vision impairment occurs, making routine eye checkups essential for early detection and management.

Types of Glaucoma

1. Open-Angle Glaucoma:

The most common type, it progresses slowly without noticeable symptoms. Peripheral vision loss occurs gradually, often going undetected until advanced stages.

2. Closed-Angle Glaucoma:

Also known as acute angle-closure Glaucoma, this condition occurs suddenly, causing severe pain, blurred vision, and headaches. It requires immediate medical attention.

3. Normal-Tension Glaucoma:

This type occurs even when eye pressure is within normal limits. The exact cause is unclear, but it may be linked to poor blood flow to the optic nerve.

4. Pigmentary Glaucoma:

This condition typically affects young adults, where pigment granules from the iris spread throughout the eye, clogging drainage channels and increasing eye pressure.

5. Congenital Glaucoma:

Found in infants or young children, this type often presents with large, cloudy eyes, excessive tearing, and sensitivity to light. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent severe vision impairment.

6. Glaucoma Symptoms

Glaucoma is often called the “silent thief of sight” because it progresses without noticeable symptoms in the early stages. As the disease advances, symptoms vary depending on the type:

• Open-Angle Glaucoma: Gradual peripheral vision loss, eventually leading to central vision loss.
• Closed-Angle Glaucoma: Severe eye pain, blurred vision, headaches, halos around lights, and possible nausea.
• Normal-Tension Glaucoma: Subtle peripheral vision loss that worsens over time.
• Pigmentary Glaucoma: Hazy vision, halos around lights, and gradual vision loss, especially after exercise.

Risk Factors for Glaucoma

Several factors increase the likelihood of developing Glaucoma, including:

• Increased intraocular pressure (IOP)
• Age above 50 years
• Family history of Glaucoma
• Medical conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease
• Thin corneas or high levels of nearsightedness or farsightedness
• History of eye injury or surgery
• Long-term use of steroid medications

Causes of Glaucoma

Glaucoma typically occurs when the aqueous humour, a fluid produced at the back of the eye, does not drain properly, leading to increased eye pressure. This increased pressure damages the optic nerve over time. Potential causes include:

• Blocked or restricted drainage channels
• Eye trauma or injury
• Use of corticosteroid medications
• Reduced blood flow to the optic nerve
• High blood pressure

Glaucoma in Children

Though rare, Glaucoma in children can develop due to congenital abnormalities or secondary causes such as trauma or inflammation. Symptoms include excessive tearing, light sensitivity, and an enlarged, cloudy cornea. Early diagnosis and timely treatment can prevent severe vision impairment.

How is Glaucoma Diagnosed?

Regular eye examinations are essential for early detection. Eye specialists use a combination of tests to diagnose Glaucoma, including:

1. Perimetry Test (Visual Field Test): Assesses peripheral vision to detect any vision loss.
2. Tonometry Test: Measures intraocular pressure.
3. Pachymetry Test: Measures corneal thickness, which can influence IOP readings.
4. Gonioscopy: Examines the eye’s drainage angle to detect any blockages.
5. Fundoscopy: Evaluates the optic nerve and retina for signs of damage.
6. Optic Nerve Imaging: Tracks changes in the optic nerve to monitor progression.

Stages of Glaucoma Progression

Glaucoma advances through four primary stages:

1. Early Stage: No noticeable symptoms, but optic nerve damage begins.
2. Moderate Stage: Peripheral vision loss becomes more evident.
3. Advanced Stage: Significant visual impairment occurs if left untreated.
4. Severe Stage: Extensive vision loss or complete blindness may occur.

Glaucoma Treatment Options

The primary goal of Glaucoma treatment is to reduce intraocular pressure and prevent further damage to the optic nerve. Treatment options include:

1. Medications:

Eye drops and oral medications help reduce eye pressure by either decreasing fluid production or improving drainage. Common medications include:

• Beta-blockers
• Prostaglandin analogues
• Alpha agonists
• Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

2. Laser Treatment:

Laser procedures, such as Trabeculoplasty or Cyclophotocoagulation (CPC), help lower IOP by improving fluid drainage or reducing fluid production.

3. Surgical Procedures:

For advanced cases or when other treatments fail, surgical procedures create new drainage channels to reduce eye pressure. Microsurgery techniques ensure minimal incisions and faster recovery times.

Preventing Glaucoma

While vision loss from Glaucoma is irreversible, early detection and management can prevent further damage. To reduce the risk of developing Glaucoma:

• Schedule regular eye exams, especially if you are over 50 or have a family history.
• Protect your eyes from UV rays and injury.
• Control conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure.
• Maintain a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise.
• Avoid prolonged head-down positions, which can increase eye pressure.
• Limit alcohol and tobacco use, as they may exacerbate the risk of Glaucoma.

Living with Glaucoma: Coping Strategies

Adjusting to life with Glaucoma can be challenging, but certain strategies can help manage the condition effectively:

• Adherence to Treatment: Consistently use prescribed eye drops and medications.
• Lifestyle Modifications: Maintain a healthy diet, manage stress, and stay active.
• Educate Yourself: Understanding the condition empowers you to participate in your care.
• Join Support Groups: Engaging with support networks can provide emotional support.
• Create a Safe Environment: Improve lighting at home and remove potential hazards to prevent falls or accidents.

When to See an Eye Specialist?

Seek immediate medical attention if you experience:

• Sudden blurred or hazy vision
• Severe eye pain or headaches
• Halos or rings around lights
• Nausea or vomiting with eye discomfort
• Loss of peripheral vision or blind spots

Questions to Ask Your Eye Doctor

To better understand and manage Glaucoma, consider asking your eye specialist the following questions:

• What type of Glaucoma do I have?
• How will it affect my vision over time?
• What are my treatment options and their possible side effects?
• How often should I schedule follow-up visits?
• Are there any lifestyle changes I should make to protect my vision?

Final Thoughts

Glaucoma is a progressive eye disease that can lead to irreversible vision loss if not diagnosed and treated early. Regular eye checkups, especially for those at high risk, play a critical role in preserving vision. Though Glaucoma cannot be cured, timely intervention with medications, laser treatments, or surgery can effectively slow its progression and safeguard your vision.